Elimination – Remove the chemical substance at the source. This could include changing the work process to stop using the chemical substance.

Substitution – Use a safer alternative. When considering a substitute, compare the potential risks of the substitute to those of the chemical substance being replaced. This review should consider how the substitute will combine with other agents in the workplace. Effective substitutes reduce the potential for harmful effects and do not create new risks.

Engineering controls - Engineering controls can include modifying equipment or the workspace, using local exhaust ventilation, protective barriers, and more to remove or prevent exposure to a chemical substance.

Effective engineering controls:

• Remove or block the chemical substance at the source before it comes into contact with the potentially exposed person;

• Prevent users from modifying, tampering, or otherwise interfering with the engineering control itself;

• Need minimal user input; and

• Operate correctly without interfering with the work process or making it more difficult.

Administrative controls/Work practices – Establish work practices that reduce the duration, frequency, or intensity of exposure to hazards (e.g., a chemical substance). This may include work process training, ensuring adequate rest breaks, or limiting access to areas where exposure(s) may be possible. Establishment of a regulated area may be an administrative control.

PPE – PPE is equipment worn to reduce or minimize exposure to hazards. Examples of PPE include gloves, safety glasses, and respirators. PPE use should be accompanied by a PPE/respirator program, which includes such elements as PPE/respirator selection and use training, PPE/respirator inspection and replacement schedules, and effectiveness monitoring. Owners or operators should generally not rely on PPE as a primary method to control hazards when other effective control options are feasible.